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A

Addicott, J.F., Aho, J.M., Antolin, M.F., Padilla, D.K. Richardson, J.S. and Soluk, D.A. 1987. Ecological neighbourhoods: scaling environmental patterns. Oikos. pp.240-246.

Andrewartha, H.G. and Birch, L.C. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Aranoff, S. 1989. GIS: A management perspective. WDL Publications, Ottawa, Canada.

Aspinall, R.J. 1995. Redefining 'scale' for digital geographic data. Eurocarto. XIII.
2-4th October 1995. Ispra, Italy.

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B

Baker, W.L. and Cai, Y. 1992.The r.le programs for multiscale analysis of landscape structure using the GRASS Geographical Information System. Landscape Ecology. 7(4) pp.291-302.

Baskent, E.Z. and Jordan, G.A. 1995. Characterising spatial structure of forest landscapes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25 pp.1830-1849

Bastian, O. and Bernhardt, A. 1993. Anthropogenic landscape change in central Europe and the role of Bioindication. Landscape Ecology 8(2) pp.138-151.

Baudry, J. and Merriam, H.G. 1987. Connectivity and Connectedness: Functional versus structural patterns in landscapes. in Connectivity in Landscape  Ecology. (ed) K.F. Schreiber. Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar of International Association for Landscape Ecology.

Benson, B.J. and McKenzie, M.D. 1995. Effects of sensor spatial resolution on landscape structure parameters. Landscape Ecology. 10(2) pp.113-120.

Bissonette, J.A. 1997. Scale sensitive ecological properties. In Bissonette, J.A. (ed). Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of pattern and scale. Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. pp.3-31

Bridgewater, P.B. 1993. Landscape Ecology, Geographic Information Systems and Nature Conservation. in Landscape Ecology and GIS. (eds) R. Haines-Young, D.R. Green and S.H. Cousins. Taylor and Francis Ltd. London. pp.23-36

Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R.A.1998. Principles of Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press.

Burrough, P.A., van Rijn, R. and Rikken, M. 1996. Spatial data quality and error analysis issues: GIS functions and environmental modelling. In Goodchild, M et al. (eds) (1996). GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues. GIS World Books, Fort Collins, USA. pp.29-34.

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C

D

DeMers, M. 1997. Fundamentals of GIS. John Wiley and Sons.

Dendy, T. 1987. Value of corridors (and design features of same) and small patches of habitat. In Nature Conservation: the role of remnants of native vegetation. (eds) D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A. Burbridge, and A.J.M. Hopkins. Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty Ltd. pp.357-359.

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E

Elkie, P.C., Rempel. R.S. and Carr, A.P. 1999. Patch Analyst Users Manual: A tool for quantifying landscape structure. NWST technical manual TM-002. Ontario.

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F

Farina, A. 1993. From global to regional landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology. 8(3) pp.153-154.

Forman, R.T.T. 1995. Land mosaics: the ecology of landscape and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons.

Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M. 1981. Patches and Structural components for a Landscape Ecology. Bioscience. 31(10) pp.733-739.

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G

Goossens, R., Ontena, T., D'Haluin, E. and Larnde, G. 1993. The use of Remote Sensing (SPOT) for the survey of Ecological patterns, applied to two different ecosystems in Belgium and Zaire. in Landscape Ecology and GIS. (eds) R. Haines-Young, D.R. Green and S.H. Cousins. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London. pp.147-160.

Gustafson, E.J. and Parker, G.R. 1992 Relationships between land cover proportion and indices of spatial pattern. Landscape Ecology. 7 pp.101-110.

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H

Haines-Young, R. and Chopping, M. 1996. Quantifying landscape structure: A review of Landscape Indices and their application to forested landscapes. Progress in Physical Geography. 20(4) pp. 418-445.

Haines-Young, R., Green, D.R. and Cousins, S.H. 1993. Landscape Ecology and spatial information systems. in Landscape Ecology and GIS. (eds) R. Haines-Young, D.R. Green and S.H. Cousins. Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp.3-8

Higgs, A.J. 1981. Island biogeography theory and nature reserve design. Journal of Biography. pp.117-124.

Hill, M.O. 1974. Correspondence analysis: a neglected multivariate method. Appl. Stat. pp.340-354.

Hobbs, R.J. 1993. Effects of landscape fragmentation on ecosystem processes in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Biological Conservation. 64 pp.193-201.

Hobbs, R.J. and Hopkins, A.J.M. 1990. From Frontier to Fragments: European impact on Australia's vegetation in Australian Ecosystems: 200 years of utilisation, degradation and reconstruction. D.A. Saunders, A.J.M. Hopkins and R.A. How (eds) Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia16. pp.93-114.

Hobbs, R.J. and Saunders, D. A. 1991. Reintegrating fragmented landscapes - a preliminary framework for the Western Australian wheatbelt. Journal of Environmental Management. pp.161-167.

Hobbs, R., Saunders, D.A. and Arnold, G.W. 1993. Integrated landscape ecology: A Western Australian perspective. Biological Conservation. pp.231-238.

Hulshoff, R.M. 1995. Landscape Indices describing a Dutch Landscape. Landscape Ecology. 10(2) pp.101-111.

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K

Kareiva, P. and Wennergren, U. 1995. Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystems and population processes. Nature. pp.299-302.

Kienast, F. 1993. Analysis of historical landscape patterns with a Geographical Information System - a methodological outline. Landscape Ecology 8(2) pp.103-118

Kotlier, N.B. and Wiens, J.D. 1990. Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: A hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity. Oikos. 59 pp.253-260.

Krummel, J.R., Gardner, R.H., Sugihara, G., O'Neill, R.V. and Coleman, P.R. 1987. Landscape Patterns in a disturbed Environment. Oikos. 48 pp.321-324.

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L

Lepart, J. and Debussche, M. 1992. Human impact on landscape patterning: Mediterranean examples. In Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows. (eds) A.J. Hansen and F. di Castri. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp.76-106.

Lewis, A. 1995. Scale and scale problems in spatial environmental databases. PhD thesis. The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

Ludwig, J.A. Eager, R.W., Williams, R.J. and Lowe, L.M. 1999. Declines in vegetation patches, plant diversity and grasshopper density near cattle watering-points in the Victoria River District, Northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal. 21(1).

Lynch, J.F. and Whigham, D.F. 1984. Effects of forest fragmentation on breeding bird communities in Maryland. Biological Conservation. 28 pp.287-324

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M

MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

McGarigal, K. and Marks, B.J. 1994. FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for quantifying landscape pattern. Forest Science Dept, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Oregon.

McIntyre, S. 1998. Human impacts on landscapes. CSIRO Divisional seminar. Wildlife and Ecology, Canberra. 1st May 1998

McIntyre, S. 1994. Integrating agricultural land use and management for conservation of a native grassland flora in a variegated landscape. Pacific Conservation Biology. 1(3)pp. 236-244.

McIntyre, S. and Barrett, F.W. 1992. Habitat variegation, an alternative to fragmentation. Conservation Biology. 6 pp.146-147.

McIntyre, S. and Lavorel, S. 1994. Predicting richness of native, rare and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape. Conservation Biology. pp.521-531.

Meinig, D.W. (ed). 1979. The interpretation of ordinary landscapes. Geographical Essays, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

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N

Nassauer, J.I. 1996. Culture and changing landscape structure. Landscape Ecology. 10(4) pp.229-237

Naveh, Z. and Lieberman, A.S. (1984). Landscape Ecology: Theory and Application. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Nix, H.A. (1993). Comment. in Towards a set of biodiversity indicators for Canadian forests. (eds) D.W. McKenny, R.A. Sims, M.E. Soule, B.G. Mackey and K.L. Cambell. Natural resources Canada, Canadian forest service - Ontario. p.12

Noss, N.F. (1983). A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity. Bioscience 33(11) pp.700-706.

Nulsen, R.A. 1993. Changes in soil properties. In Hobbs, R. J. and Saunders, D.A. (1993). Reintegrating fragmented landscapes. Towards sustainable production and nature conservation. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp107-145.

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P

Pearson, D.M. 2000. Investigating the im[pacts opf human activity on northern Australian landscapes by analysis of spatial structure. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environemntal Modelling (GIS/EM4): Problems, Prospects and Research Needs. Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 2 - 8, 2000.

Pearson, D.M. 1998. The Impact of Human Activity on Landscape Diversity in Space and Time. PhD thesis. Dept of Geography, ANU, Canberra, Australia.

Perez-Trejo, F. 1993. Landscape response units: Process based self organising systems. in Landscape Ecology and GIS. (eds) R. Haines-Young, D.R. Green and S.H. Cousins. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London. pp.87-98.

Preston, F.W. 1960. Time and space and the variation of species. Ecology. 41 pp.611-627

Price, O.F., Woinarski, J.C.Z. and Robinson, D. (in press). Very large area requirements for frugivorus birds in monsoon rainforests of the Northern Territory, Australia, Bological Conservation.

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R

Riitters, K.H., O'Neill, R.V., Hunsaker, C.T., Wickham, J.D., Yankee, D.H., Timmins, S.P., Jones, K.B. and Jackson, B.L. 1995. A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics. Landscape Ecology. 10(1) pp.23-29.

Ritchie, M.E. 1997. Populations in a landscape context: Sources, sinks and metapopulations. In Bissonette, J.A. (ed). 1997. Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of Pattern and Scale. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp.160-184

Robbins, C.S. 1980. Effect of forest fragmentation on bird populations. In DeGraaf, R.M. and Evans, K.E. (compilers) 1980. Management of North Central and North Eastern Forests for Nongame Birds. US Dept of Agric, Forest service general technical report, NC-51. pp.198-212.

Ruzicka, M., Ruzickova, H. and Zigrai, F. 1978. Krajinne zlozky, prvky a struktura V biologickon planovani krajinpy. Quaestiones Geobiologicae. pp.7-63.

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S

Saunders, D.A, Hobbs, R.J. and Margules, C.R. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A review. Conservation Biology. 5(1) pp.18-32.

Saunders, D.A., Hobbs, R.J. and Arnold, G.W. 1993. The Kellerberrin project on fragmented landscapes: A review of current information. Biological Conservation. 64 pp.185-192.

Scannlan, M.J. 1981. Biogeography of forest plants in the prairie - forest ecotones in Western Minnesota. in Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes. (eds) R. L. Burgess and D. M. Sharpe. Springer-Verlag. pp.97-124

Swanson, F.J., Wondzell, S.M. and Grant, G.E. 1992. Landforms, disturbance and ecotones. In Hansen, A.J. and di Castri, F. (eds). 1992. Landscape boundaries: Consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp.304-323.

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T

Turner, M.G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology. 4(1) pp.21-30.

Turner, M.G. and Ruscher, C.L. 1988. Changes in spatial patterns of land use in Georgia. Landscape Ecology. 1 pp.241-251

Turner, M.G., O'Neill, R.V., Gardner, R.H. and Milne, B.T. 1989. Effects of changing Spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology. 3(3/4) pp.153-163.

Turner, S.J., O'Neill, R.V., Conley, W., Conley, M.R. and Humphries, H.C. 1991. Pattern and Scale: Statistics for Landscape Ecology. in Quantitative methods in Landscape Ecology. (eds) M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner. Springer-Verlag. pp.17-49.

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U

Urban, D.L., O'Neill, R.V. and Shugart, H.H. (Jnr) 1987. Landscape Ecology - A Hierarchical perspective can help scientists understand spatial pattern. Bioscience. 37(2) pp.119-127.

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V

Vink, A.P.A. 1983. Landscape Ecology and Land Use. English translation (ed) D.A. Davidson. Longman.

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W

Westhoff, V. 1970. New criteria for nature reserves. New Scientist. pp.108-113.

White, P.S. and Harrod, K.H. 1997. Disturbance and Diversity in a Landscape Context. In Bissonette, J.A. (ed). 1997. Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects of pattern and scale. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp.128-159.

White P.J. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando.

Wickham, J.D. and Norton, D.J. 1994. Mapping and analysing landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology. 9(1) pp.7-23.

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Y

Yates, C.J., Hobbs, R.J. and Bell, R.W. 1994. Landscape scale disturbances and regeneration in semi-arid woodlands of South Western Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology. 1(3) pp.214-221.

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Z

Zipperer, W.C. 1993. Deforestation patterns and their effects on forest patches. Landscape Ecology. 8(3) pp.177-184.

Zonneveld, J. 1990. Introduction. In Cultural Aspects of Landscape. (ed) H. Svobodava. Pudoc, Wageningen. pp.7-12

 

The full references for Rhind, and Anderson and Starr are unknown

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