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The parliament of the commonwealth of Australia consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These are also known as the lower and upper house respectively. Members of the Lower House are elected on the basis of compulsory preferential voting from electorates of roughly equal numbers of voters. States with the largest populations return the most members to the House of Representatives. Members of the Senate are elected on the basis of proportional representation on a state or territory wide basis. Each state of the commonwealth returns twelve senators, with two each elected from the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, making a total of 64 Senators.

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Parenting in the twentieth century can be a confusing, demanding and difficult experience for many parents. Rapid technological, economic and social changes in the last century have all contributed to this experience. These changes have affected the parenting task to such an degree that parents now need to be preparing their children for the social and technological changes they will face in their own lifetimes. McHenry and Price (1994) regard this as the greatest challenge in the 1990s. Social changes include the role of women in and outside of the family, a decline in the inter-generational family relations and increased contact through immigration and social mobility between members of different ethnic backgrounds and social classes (Allen and Schulz 1987). This has resulted in many parents being removed from cultural traditions of child rearing and exposed to da variety of ways of raising children.. Many families are now isolated from the very support bases which in the past have assisted families through the child rearing years (Hamner and Turner 1990) (from Gleed 1998, 47).

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Fear and vulnerability, however, were never far way; dread was ever the obverse of dominion. As David Trotter has shown in his psychological probing of the dominant subjectivity of the coloniser, even the most triumphal European experience of imperial supremacy was fraught with uncertainty (Trotter 1990, 3-20). During her travels Bird often felt insecure, and consciously sought reassurance in the structures of British authority which surrounded and protected her. Even in Melaka her bedroom as the Stadthaus was not secure, leaving her vulnerable to intrusion by the Chinese servant, "who has a lair somewhere, and appears in my room at all sorts of unusual hours, after I think I have bolted and barred every means of ingress" (Bird 1967, 129). She calmed herself by recalling that "two Malay military policemen patrol the verandahs outside at intervals all night, and I have the comfort of imagining that I hear far below the clank of the British sentries who guard the Treasury" (Bird 1967, 129)(from Doran 1998b, 179).

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For the purpose of mapping the algae in the shallow water of the reef flat, the experiment was to include three substrate types to be found in the study area: algae, sand, and ironstone. Brown algae was collected and tied onto pieces of ironstone rock with very fine string, completely covering the latter. Fixing the algae into position was necessary to prevent it from moving when increasing the water level, which would create variation in the proportion of algae within the radius for which reflectance values are measured. Medium coarse sand including coral debris is found between coral colonies on the reef flat and was chosen as the second substrate type. The last type is ironstone rock, the dominant surface structure of the rocky reefs. For the three substrate types, the NIR reflectance values were measured at water depths ranging from 1 to 18 cm. The handheld spectrometer used in the experiment was designed according to the Landsat-MSS sensor specifications. The wavelengths measured were the range used by MSS band-7. The water used in the experiment was clear ocean water, allowing any sediment to settle ensuring the replication of onsite conditions (from Menges, Hill and Ahmad 1998, 1210-1).